Adhesion of frozen granular {materials|supplies|components} on {solid|strong} surfaces creates {various|numerous|different|a variety of|several|many} {problems|issues|difficulties|troubles|challenges|complications} for surface cleaning, reduces the carrying capacity of {vehicles|automobiles|autos|cars}, and increases {energy|power} consumption for in-land transportation. {Here|Right here} we report that water {content|content material} determines the adhesion strength of oil sands on {solid|strong} surfaces at temperature of -2.{5|five} ◦C to -20 ◦C. Our measurements by X-ray micro-computed tomography revealed that water {forms|types} capillary bridges {between|in between|among|amongst|involving} the sand particles {and the|and also the|as well as the|along with the|plus the} {solid|strong} substrate {and more|and much more} air gaps {at the|in the} interface {between|in between|among|amongst|involving} oil sands {and the|and also the|as well as the|along with the|plus the} substrate are filled with interstitial water at a {higher|greater|larger} {content|content material}. We experimentally measured the minimal force {required|needed|necessary|essential|expected} to push the frozen oil sands off the substrate and identified that the adhesion strength {increased|elevated|improved|enhanced} linearly with water {content|content material} from 4% to 14% on {both|each} rubber and steel substrate. For {short|brief|quick} freezing time at a fixed water {content|content material}, lowering the temperature {increased|elevated|improved|enhanced} the adhesion strength {on the|around the} steel substrate. Fouling from a layer of bitumen or asphaltenes aggravated the adhesion of oil sands on steel. A theoretical model was proposed to rationalize the linear {relationship|partnership|connection} {between|in between|among|amongst|involving} water {content|content material} {and the|and also the|as well as the|along with the|plus the} adhesion strength, {based on|according to|depending on|determined by} the {contact|get in touch with|make contact with|speak to} {area|region|location} {between|in between|among|amongst|involving} ice {and the|and also the|as well as the|along with the|plus the} substrate. We also {found|discovered|identified|located} {an effective|an efficient} {method|technique|approach|strategy|system|process} to {reduce|decrease|minimize|lessen|lower|cut down} the adhesion of oil sands by spraying {a little|a bit|just a little|somewhat|slightly|a little bit} {amount of|quantity of|level of|volume of} anti-freezing liquid {on the|around the} substrate. Our {approach|method|strategy} {may|might|could|may possibly|may well|may perhaps} {reduce|decrease|minimize|lessen|lower|cut down} the {energy|power} consumption in transport and processing of wet granular {materials|supplies|components}, and potentially save manpower {and the|and also the|as well as the|along with the|plus the} {cost|price|expense} from cleaning in industrial operations. The insight from our {work|function|perform|operate} {may have|might have} wide applicability to {many|numerous|several|a lot of|quite a few|lots of} natural/industrial processes, {such as|like|including|for example|for instance|which include} soil formation, {food|meals} processing, and porous structures in ice crystal-templating nanomaterials synthesis by freezing-drying. 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydrobenzo[h]quinoline web 2169908-22-7 Chemical name PMID:24456950
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