Magnetite nanoparticles possess {numerous|many|several|quite a few|a lot of|various} {fundamental|basic}, biomedical and industrial applications, {many|numerous|several|a lot of|quite a few|lots of} of which {depend on|rely on} tuning the magnetic properties. {This is|This really is|This can be|That is} {often|frequently|usually|typically|generally|normally} {achieved|accomplished} by the incorporation of trace and minor {elements|components} {into the|in to the} magnetite lattice. Such incorporation was shown to {depend|rely} strongly {on the|around the} magnetite formation pathway (i.e., abiotic vs biological), {but the|however the} mechanisms controlling element partitioning {between|in between|among|amongst|involving} magnetite and its surrounding precipitation {solution|answer|remedy|resolution|option} {remain|stay} {to be|to become} elucidated. {Here|Right here}, we {used|utilized|employed|utilised|applied|made use of} a {combination|mixture} of theoretical modelling (lattice and crystal field theories) and experimental {evidence|proof} (high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and X-ray absorption spectroscopy) to demonstrate that element incorporation into abiotic magnetite nanoparticles is controlled principally by cation size and valence. {Elements|Components} {from the|in the} {first|initial|very first|1st|initially} series of transition metals (Cr to Zn) constituted exceptions to this {finding|discovering|locating|obtaining|acquiring|getting} as their incorporation appeared {to be|to become} also controlled by the {energy|power} levels of their unfilled 3d orbitals, in line with crystal field mechanisms. We then show that element incorporation into biological magnetite nanoparticles {produced|created|made|developed} by magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) {cannot|can’t|can not} be explained by crystal-chemical parameters alone, which points {to the|towards the|for the} biological {control|manage|handle} exerted by the bacteria {over|more than} the element transfer {between|in between|among|amongst|involving} MTB {growth|development} medium {and the|and also the|as well as the|along with the|plus the} intracellular {environment|atmosphere}. This screening {effect|impact} generates biological magnetite {with a|having a|using a} purer chemical composition than the abiotic {materials|supplies|components} formed {in a|inside a|within a} {solution|answer|remedy|resolution|option} of {similar|comparable|equivalent|related} composition. Our {work|function|perform|operate} establishes a theoretical framework for understanding the crystal-chemical and biological controls of trace and minor cation incorporation into magnetite, thereby {providing|supplying|offering|delivering|giving} predictive {methods|techniques|strategies|approaches|procedures|solutions} to tailor the composition of magnetite nanoparticles for {improved|enhanced} {control|manage|handle} {over|more than} magnetic properties. (3,5-Difluoropyridin-2-yl)methanol web 581063-34-5 Chemscene PMID:23829314
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