A manipulative activity for exploring {effective|efficient|successful|powerful|productive|helpful} nuclear charge (Zeff)

High-school and undergraduate college students {may|might|could|may possibly|may well|may perhaps} {often|frequently|usually|typically|generally|normally} {rely on|depend on} memorization when {learning|studying|understanding|finding out|mastering} periodic trends, {leading|top|major} to an ineffective understanding of introductory chemistry {concepts|ideas} like atomic…