Mineral fouling {is a|is really a|is actually a|can be a|is often a|is usually a} {major|significant|main|key|big|important} hindrance to {high|higher} recovery effluent nanofiltration, with calcium phosphate (Ca-P) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) {the most|probably the most|essentially the most|one of the most|by far the most} prevalent mineral foulants. {In this|Within this} study, we {used|utilized|employed|utilised|applied|made use of} a novel {combination|mixture} of real-time in-line microscopy, electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), post SEM {analysis|evaluation}, and filtration metrics (water flux and rejection) to study mineral fouling mechanisms of Ca-P and CaCO3 salts in synthetic effluent nanofiltration. We {used|utilized|employed|utilised|applied|made use of} nanofiltration (NF) polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) membranes, {prepared|ready} by static layer-by-layer (LbL) coating of a cationic polymer – polydiallyl dimethylammonium chloride, and anionic polymer – poly styrenesulfonate (six bi-layer) on a polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration (UF) membrane. {Increasing|Growing|Escalating|Rising} permeate recovery {over|more than} filtration time was simulated {through|via|by means of|by way of} additions of CaCl2 with NaHCO3 or NaH2PO4/Na2HPO4. {Using|Utilizing|Making use of|Employing|Working with|Applying} the novel {combination|mixture} of {methods|techniques|strategies|approaches|procedures|solutions}, we delineated the mechanisms governing fouling {development|improvement} with time for {both|each} CaCO3 and Ca-P. For CaCO3, a transition from heterogeneous precipitation {on the|around the} membrane surface (scaling) to particulate fouling {due to|because of|as a result of|on account of|resulting from|as a consequence of} bulk precipitation was identified. For Ca-P, a transition from fouling by amorphous particles to fouling by crystalline particles was identified; and this phase-change was captured in real-time {images|pictures|photos} {using|utilizing|making use of|employing|working with|applying} an in-line microscope. We also {found|discovered|identified|located} that for {similar|comparable|equivalent|related} precipitation potentials measured by weight, Ca-P fouling was {more|much more|a lot more|far more|additional|extra} detrimental to water flux (86% {decrease|reduce|lower}) {compared to|in comparison to|in comparison with|when compared with} CaCO3 (20% {decrease|reduce|lower}) {due to|because of|as a result of|on account of|resulting from|as a consequence of} the voluminous amorphous phase. We established in-line microscopy as {a new|a brand new} {useful|helpful|beneficial|valuable} {method|technique|approach|strategy|system|process} to study mineral fouling, {as it|because it|since it} {gives|provides|offers} invaluable {information|info|details|data|facts|information and facts} {on the|around the} suspended particles in real-time. Combining it with EIS {gives|provides|offers} complementary {information|info|details|data|facts|information and facts} on mineral accumulation {on the|around the} membrane surface. Insight from this study and {further|additional} use {of these|of those} {methods|techniques|strategies|approaches|procedures|solutions} can guide future {strategies|methods|techniques|approaches|tactics} towards {higher|greater|larger} effluent recovery by membrane filtration. 2-(5-Bromopyridin-2-yl)propan-2-amine web 2-Isopropyl-6-nitroaniline site PMID:23812309
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