India {is the|will be the|may be the|would be the|could be the|is definitely the} third {largest|biggest} contributor of greenhouse gases and its transportation emissions account for {nearly|almost|practically} one-fifth of all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. {Furthermore|Moreover|In addition|Additionally}, the transportation sector accounts a {significant|substantial|considerable|important} {part of|a part of} other air pollutant emissions {that have|which have} damaging consequences to human {health|well being|wellness|overall health}. Up {until|till} now, it was unclear what the greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions consequences of electrifying {vehicles|automobiles|autos|cars} in India {would be|could be|will be}, as replacing {traditional|conventional|standard|classic|regular} {vehicles|automobiles|autos|cars} with electrified ones reduces tailpipe emissions, {but it|however it|nevertheless it} will {increase|improve|boost|enhance|raise} the emissions {from the|in the} {power|energy} sector when {vehicles|automobiles|autos|cars} are charging. We mitigate that gap {in the|within the|inside the} literature by performing a state {specific|particular|certain|distinct|precise} life-cycle assessment of GHGs and criteria air pollutant emissions for representative passenger {vehicles|automobiles|autos|cars} (four-wheelers, three-wheelers, two-wheelers and buses) driven in Indian states/union territories. We {consider|think about|contemplate|take into account|look at|take into consideration} {several|a number of|numerous|many|various|quite a few} {vehicle|car|automobile} technologies (internal combustion engine (ICE) {vehicles|automobiles|autos|cars}, battery electric {vehicles|automobiles|autos|cars} (BEVs), hybrid electric {vehicles|automobiles|autos|cars} (HEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric {vehicles|automobiles|autos|cars} (PHEVs)). We {find|discover|locate|uncover|come across|obtain} that in most states, four-wheeler BEVs have {higher|greater|larger} greenhouse gases and criteria air pollutant emissions than other {conventional|standard|traditional} or {alternative|option} {vehicles|automobiles|autos|cars} and {thus|therefore|hence|as a result} electrification of that {vehicle|car|automobile} class {would not|wouldn’t} {lead to|result in|bring about|cause} emissions reductions. In contrast, in most states, electrified buses and three-wheelers {are the|would be the|will be the} {best|very best|greatest|ideal|finest|most effective} {strategy|technique|method|approach|tactic} to {reduce|decrease|minimize|lessen|lower|cut down} greenhouse gases, but {these are|they are} also the worst {solution|answer|remedy|resolution|option} {in terms of|when it comes to|with regards to} criteria air pollutant emissions. Electrified two-wheelers have {lower|reduce|reduced|decrease} criteria air pollutant emissions than gasoline only in {five|5} states. The striking conclusion {is that|is the fact that} unless the Indian grid becomes {less|much less|significantly less} polluting, the case for widespread electrification of {vehicles|automobiles|autos|cars} for sustainability purposes is {simply|merely|just|basically} not there. Moving towards a sustainable, low carbon and low pollution {electricity|electrical energy} grid {is a|is really a|is actually a|can be a|is often a|is usually a} requirement {to make|to create|to produce} a widespread transportation electrification case for India. 143415-31-0 manufacturer 654653-95-9 Order PMID:32472497
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