Heavyoils are enriched with polycyclic (or polynuclear) aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHor PNA), but characterization of their chemical structures has been a greatchallenge {due to|because of|as a result of|on account of|resulting from|as a consequence of} their tremendous diversity. {Recently|Lately|Not too long ago}, {with the|using the|with all the|together with the} advent ofmolecular imaging with noncontact Atomic Force Microscopy (nc-AFM), molecularstructures of petroleum has been imaged {and a|along with a|as well as a|plus a|and also a|in addition to a} diverse {range of|selection of|array of} novel PAHstructures was revealed. Understanding these structures will {help|assist|aid|support|enable|assistance} to understandtheir chemical reactivities {and the|and also the|as well as the|along with the|plus the} mechanisms of their formation or conversion.{Studies|Research} on aromaticity and bonding {provide|offer|supply|give|present|deliver} {means|indicates|implies|signifies|suggests} to recognize their intrinsicstructural patterns {which is|that is|which can be} {crucial|essential|vital|critical|important} to reconcile a {small|little|tiny|modest|smaller|compact} {number of|quantity of|variety of} structuresfrom AFM and to predict infinite {number of|quantity of|variety of} diverse molecules in bulk. {Four|4} typesof PAH structures {can be|may be|could be|might be|is often|is usually} categorized {according to|based on|in accordance with|in line with|as outlined by} their relative stability and reactivity,and it was {found|discovered|identified|located} that {the most|probably the most|essentially the most|one of the most|by far the most} and least {stable|steady} {types|kinds|varieties|sorts|forms} are {rarely|seldom|hardly ever} observed inAFM, with most molecules as intermediate {types|kinds|varieties|sorts|forms} {in a|inside a|within a} subtle balance of kineticreactivity and thermodynamic stability. {Local|Nearby|Neighborhood|Regional} aromaticity was {found|discovered|identified|located} maximized whenpossible for {both|each} alternant and nonalternant PAHs revealed by the aromaticity indexNICS (Nucleus-Independent Chemical Shift) values. The {unique|distinctive|special|exclusive|exceptional|one of a kind} {role|function|part} offive-membered rings in disrupting the electron distribution was recognized. {Especially|Particularly|Specifically|Specially|In particular},the presence of partial double bonds in most petroleum PAHs was identified andtheir implications {in the|within the|inside the} structure and reactivity of petroleum are discussed. 2-Fluoro-1H-indole custom synthesis 3-Chloro-2-naphthoic acid Data Sheet PMID:23381626
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