{Sufficient|Adequate|Enough} and controllable oxygen {supply|provide} {is essential|is crucial} for in vitro 3D cell and tissue culture at {high|higher} cell densities, which calls for volumetric in situ oxygen {analysis|evaluation} {methods|techniques|strategies|approaches|procedures|solutions} to quantitatively assess the oxygen distribution. This paper presents a {general|common|basic} {approach|method|strategy} for {accurate|correct|precise} and precise non-contact 3D mapping of oxygen tension in {high|higher} cell-density cultures {via|by way of|through|by means of} embedded commercially {available|accessible|obtainable|offered|readily available|out there} oxygen microsensor beads {read|study} out by confocal phosphorescence lifetime microscopy (PLIM). Optimal acquisition {conditions|circumstances|situations} and {data|information} {analysis|evaluation} procedures are established and implemented {in a|inside a|within a} publicly {available|accessible|obtainable|offered|readily available|out there} {software|software program|computer software|application} package. The versatility {of the|from the|in the|on the|with the|of your} established {method|technique|approach|strategy|system|process} is {first|initial|very first|1st|initially} demonstrated in model-assisted fluidic {design|style|design and style} of microperfused 3D printed hydrogel culture chips {with the|using the|with all the|together with the} aim of {full|complete} culture oxygenation, and subsequently for monitoring and {maintenance|upkeep} of physiologically relevant spatial and temporal oxygen gradients {in the|within the|inside the} 3D printed chips controlled by static or dynamic flow {conditions|circumstances|situations} {during|throughout|in the course of|for the duration of|through} 3D culture. BrettPhos Pd G3 Chemical name 1257850-83-1 Purity PMID:23892746
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