Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) {is a|is really a|is actually a|can be a|is often a|is usually a} pro-atherosclerotic {product|item|solution} of dietary choline metabolism generated by a microbiome-host axis. {The first|The very first|The initial} step {in this|within this} pathway is enzymatic metabolism of choline to trimethylamine (TMA) by the gut microbiota. This reaction {could be|might be|could possibly be|may be|may very well be} targeted to {reduce|decrease|minimize|lessen|lower|cut down} atherosclerosis {risk|danger|threat}. We aimed to evaluate {potential|possible|prospective} inhibitory effects of {select|choose|pick} dietary phenolics and their relevant gut microbial metabolites on TMA production {via|by way of|through|by means of} a human ex vivo-in vitro fermentation model. {Various|Numerous|Different|A variety of|Several|Many} phenolics inhibited choline use and TMA production. {The most|Probably the most|Essentially the most|One of the most|By far the most} bioactive compounds tested (caffeic acid, catechin and epicatechin) {reduced|decreased|lowered} TMA-d9 formation ({compared to|in comparison to|in comparison with|when compared with} {control|manage|handle}) by 57.{5|five} ± 1.3% to 72.{5|five} ± 0.4% at {8|eight} h and preserved remaining choline-d9 concentrations by 194.1 ± {6|six}.4% to 256.1 ± {6|six}.3% {compared to|in comparison to|in comparison with|when compared with} {control|manage|handle} {conditions|circumstances|situations} at {8|eight} h. These inhibitory effects {were|had been|have been} {achieved|accomplished} {without|with out|without having|with no|devoid of|without the need of} altering cell respiration or cell {growth|development}. {However|Nevertheless|Nonetheless|Even so|On the other hand|Having said that}, inhibitory effects decreased at late fermentation {times|occasions|instances}, which {suggest|recommend} that these compounds delay choline metabolism {rather than|instead of|as opposed to|as an alternative to|in lieu of} {completely|totally|entirely|fully|absolutely} inhibiting TMA formation. {Overall|General|All round}, caffeic acid, catechin and epicatechin {were|had been|have been} {the most|probably the most|essentially the most|one of the most|by far the most} {effective|efficient|successful|powerful|productive|helpful} non-cytotoxic inhibitors of choline use and TMA production. {Thus|Therefore|Hence|As a result}, these compounds are proposed as lead bioactives to test in vivo. 2791273-76-0 Order Buy2-Chloro-6-fluoro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole PMID:32926338
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