{Complex|Complicated} glycans are ubiquitous in Nature and {essential|important|crucial|vital|necessary|critical} to life; glycosaminoglycans surround all mammalian cells and are {key|important|crucial|essential} players in {development|improvement} and cell signalling, {while|whilst|although|even though|when|though} plant cell walls {provide|offer|supply|give|present|deliver} structural rigidity, even {during|throughout|in the course of|for the duration of|through} phases of {growth|development}, and plant cells account for the vast majority of carbon fixation on earth. {Despite|Regardless of|In spite of} their diverse roles, {however|nevertheless|nonetheless|even so|on the other hand|having said that}, only a fraction {of the|from the|in the|on the|with the|of your} {potential|possible|prospective} chemical space hypothetically {available|accessible|obtainable|offered|readily available|out there} to {complex|complicated} glycans has been explored. New regions of this chemical space can, {nevertheless|nonetheless}, be accessed by {generating|producing|creating} new ones which {do not|don’t|usually do not} {occur|happen|take place} in Nature or, by modifying naturally-occurring polysaccharide structures. Collectively, we term these new polysaccharides (NPs). Two synthetic routes to NPs are described {here|right here}; the de novo route, {directly|straight} from monosaccharide {starting|beginning} {materials|supplies|components} {and the|and also the|as well as the|along with the|plus the} functionalization route, involving glycosylation of {existing|current} polysaccharides. The reaction in {both|each} {cases|instances|circumstances|situations} {involves|entails|requires|includes} a {simple|easy|straightforward|basic|uncomplicated|very simple} condensation step {under|below|beneath} microwave heating, catalysed by benign organic acids. The {approach|method|strategy} is illustrated by the generation of structures with biological activities ranging from cell signalling and inhibition of bacterial {growth|development} to mimicking carbohydrate antigens from pathogenic microorganisms. The {method|technique|approach|strategy|system|process} is as applicable to fine {chemicals|chemical substances|chemical compounds} {as it|because it|since it} {is to|would be to|is always to|is usually to|will be to|should be to} industrial waste, {for example|for instance|as an example|by way of example|one example is}, biotechnologically-derived D-allulose (D-psicose) or biofermentation waste, and enables {rapid|fast|speedy} access to {extensive|in depth|substantial|comprehensive} chemical space, encompassing {both|each} {existing|current} biological structures and {those|these} previously unattainable. Accessing this chemical space unlocks new functionalities and applications for {complex|complicated} glycans {in the|within the|inside the} biological, {medical|healthcare|health-related}, biotechnological and {materials|supplies|components} science arenas. Buy5,7-Dibromoquinoline 1314538-55-0 Chemscene PMID:23398362
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