Salt imbalance in cells {is a|is really a|is actually a|can be a|is often a|is usually a} {major|significant|main|key|big|important} detrimental abiotic {stress|tension|anxiety|pressure|strain} which causes ionic toxicity and disrupts {important|essential|crucial|critical|significant|vital} cellular functions. To counter this saline {stress|tension|anxiety|pressure|strain}, cell {often|frequently|usually|typically|generally|normally} produces low molecular weight cosolutes, {known as|referred to as|called|generally known as} osmolytes, which {have the|possess the} {ability|capability|capacity|potential} to resuscitate homeostasis. {Here|Right here} we combine atomistic {computer|pc|personal computer|laptop|computer system|laptop or computer} simulation, {contact|get in touch with|make contact with|speak to} angle measurements and Raman spectroscopic {analysis|evaluation} to {identify|determine|recognize} the mechanistic {role|function|part} of {multiple|numerous|several|a number of|many|various} osmolytes (glycine, TMAO and betaine) in modulating the electrostatic interaction {under|below|beneath} salt {stress|tension|anxiety|pressure|strain}, a {slowly|gradually} emerging aspect of osmoprotection. By utilising a pair of negatively charged silica surfaces {in a|inside a|within a} ternary mixture of osmolyte and KCl {solution|answer|remedy|resolution|option} as a proxy of charged surface of biomacromolecule, our investigation reveals that all {three|3} osmolytes are {able|in a position|capable} to resurrect the electrostatic interaction {between|in between|among|amongst|involving} the two surfaces, which had been otherwise charge-screened by excess salt. The joint venture of experiment and simulation {discover|uncover|learn|find out} dual and mutually exclusive mechanisms of recovering charge interaction by zwitter-ionic osmolytes. {However|Nevertheless|Nonetheless|Even so|On the other hand|Having said that}, the relative {ability|capability|capacity|potential} {and the|and also the|as well as the|along with the|plus the} underlying mechanism of revival of electrostatic interactions are {found|discovered|identified|located} {to be|to become} strongly dependent of chemical nature of osmolyte. {Specifically|Particularly|Especially}, glycine was {found|discovered|identified|located} to competitively desorb the salt-ions {from the|in the} surface {via|by way of|through|by means of} its direct interaction {with the|using the|with all the|together with the} surface. {On the other hand|However|Alternatively}, TMAO and betaine counter-act salt {stress|tension|anxiety|pressure|strain} by retaining adsorbed cations but partially neutralising their charge-density {via|by way of|through|by means of} ion-mediated interaction. We {believe|think} that the access to dual and mutually {alternative|option} modes of osmolytic actions, as elucidated {here|right here}, would {provide|offer|supply|give|present|deliver} the cell the {required|needed|necessary|essential|expected} adaptability in combating salt-stress. 1020174-04-2 web 1539-42-0 structure PMID:24275718
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