{Among|Amongst} {various|numerous|different|a variety of|several|many} metal nanoparticles supported on metal oxide (MMO) catalysts, the Pt/NbOx/C {system|method|program|technique} has promising oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity as cathode for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Herein, we study a series of Pt/NbOx/C catalysts with tunable structural and electronic properties {via|by way of|through|by means of} physical vapor deposition and unravel the nature of metal and metal oxide interaction (MMOI) by characterizing this {system|method|program|technique} {under|below|beneath} reactive {conditions|circumstances|situations}. By conducting in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) experiments, we demonstrate the Pt preferably interacts with O but not Nb {in the|within the|inside the} Pt/NbOx/C {system|method|program|technique} and such Pt-O interaction {benefits|advantages|rewards|positive aspects|added benefits} the ORR activity {via|by way of|through|by means of} electronic {effect|impact} {rather than|instead of|as opposed to|as an alternative to|in lieu of} strain {effect|impact}. We also {provide|offer|supply|give|present|deliver} clear {evidence|proof} for the formation of metallic Nb phase {at the|in the} early stage of PEMFC operation and {identify|determine|recognize} {severe|serious|extreme} particle {growth|development} of Pt {after|following|right after|soon after|immediately after|just after} long-term PEMFC operation. These findings deepen our understanding {of the|from the|in the|on the|with the|of your} degradation mechanism of MMO catalysts {during|throughout|in the course of|for the duration of|through} long-term PEMFC operation. 6-Bromo-8-iodoquinolin-2(1H)-one Chemscene 936637-97-7 Chemscene PMID:23746961
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